Comparing the Decision-Making Power of Women at Household in Rural and Urban Areas of Islamabad, Pakistan: A Comparison of Nuclear and Joint Families

Abstract

This research explores the decision-making power of married women in two distinct family structures: urban nuclear families and rural joint family systems in Pakistan, within the context of societal gender inequality and male dominance. The study aims to compare the decision-making abilities and participation of women in these settings, focusing on how different family structures influence their autonomy. Utilizing Liberal Feminism theory, which highlights social and cultural factors inhibiting women's agency across personal, familial, workplace, and community spheres, the study employs a quantitative approach. Data was collected through purposive sampling and structured interviews in two locations: The F-7/2 sector in Islamabad (urban) and Tarlai Kalan, Lehtrar Road in Islamabad (rural). Statistical analysis, using SPSS (version 22.0), included descriptive and inferential methods such as frequency, percentage, and correlation tests for comparative analysis. Key findings reveal that urban women exhibit greater decision-making power than their rural counterparts. However, male dominance remains pervasive in both settings, with male family elders holding the majority of decision-making power, even among educated women. The research also highlights that women’s financial dependency, especially in the absence of employment, further limits their autonomy. The study concludes that no single factor enables women to become fully independent decision-makers, and societal barriers-such as male-dominated cultural norms, early marriages, and gender-based violence-continue to hinder women’s progress. The research recommends the prevention of early marriages, greater empowerment of women, and universal access to education as essential steps toward achieving gender equality in the family, community, and society.